Anatomy & Physiology
Regional anatomy and physiology for reconstructive urology and pelvic surgery. This section is organized by the operative problem a surgeon is trying to solve: urinary-tract anatomy for reconstruction and diversion, pelvic support anatomy for prolapse and fistula repair, genital anatomy for external reconstruction and sexual function, oral-cavity anatomy for graft harvest, and lower-extremity anatomy for flap work and positioning.
Urinary Tract
5 items
Genitalia & Reproductive
8 items
Pelvis, Support & Other
10 items
Lower Extremity
1 item
Oral Cavity
For the reconstructive urologist, the mouth is not an organ system to understand — it is a graft bed. Oral mucosa is the preferred substitution material for urethroplasty, endorsed by the AUA as the first-choice graft for anterior urethral stricture disease.[1] Three donor sites are in routine use — buccal (inner cheek), lingual (ventrolateral tongue), and labial (inner lower lip) — and each has histologic, vascular, and morbidity characteristics that determine where and how it is used. This article covers the anatomy that matters at harvest and the trade-offs that drive site selection.