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Imaging in Reconstructive Urology

Each imaging modality answers a different clinical question. Selecting the right study — and understanding what it cannot tell you — is as important as performing it correctly. The pages below cover indications, technique, interpretation, and pitfalls for each modality used in functional reconstructive urology practice.

  • Radiation SafetyOccupational fluoroscopy safety for the reconstructive urologist — regulatory dose limits, FLASH UK reference levels by procedure, ALARA, shielding (apron, thyroid collar, leaded eyewear, ceiling-mounted, under-table), the inverse-square law, pulsed half-dose fluoroscopy, last-image hold, personal dosimetry, and pregnancy considerations
  • RUG & VCUGRetrograde and voiding urethrography — technique, stricture interpretation, combined study for PFUI, VUR grading, post-urethroplasty surveillance
  • CystographyCT and fluoroscopic cystography for bladder trauma, VCUG / RNC / ceVUS for VUR, augmented-bladder perforation, colovesical fistula, follow-up after bladder repair
  • MRISelected PFUI and complex pelvic-floor imaging, urethral diverticulum, fistula mapping, VI-RADS, and MR urography
  • UltrasoundSonourethrography and its limits in fibrosis assessment, renal ultrasound, selected pelvic-floor imaging, and penile duplex
  • Penile Doppler Ultrasound & CavernosometryPenile vascular testing, supervised vasoactive testing, protocol-dependent PSV / EDV / RI interpretation, Peyronie plaque assessment, noninjection imaging for acute presentations, and limitations of invasive cavernosometry
  • MAG3 & Nuclear ImagingMAG3 renogram, diuretic protocols, split renal function, DMSA cortical scintigraphy, upper tract surveillance
  • CT UrogramRisk-based upper-tract evaluation, urothelial malignancy, anatomy, and selected complex reconstruction planning